I have worked in the field of train aerodynamics since my time at the Railway Technical Centre in Derby in the early 1980s, and have carried out research on trains in cross winds, slipstreams, pressure loading, drag etc.. This page contains links to the following.
- Details of the recent book written by myself and colleagues – Train Aerodynamics – Fundamentals and Applications.
- Blog posts and presentations on the subject of train aerodynamics
- A list of recent papers in train aerodynamics, of which I was a significant author, together with links to publisher’s sites.
- Details of recent PhD theses that I have supervised, with links to the University of Birmingham Repository from where they can be downloaded.
Train Aerodynamics blog posts
- Ten of the best – a personal choice of Train Aerodynamics papers from 2022. My “top ten” Train Aerodynamics papers published in 2022- a very personal and wholly subjective view (January 20th 2023)
- Cross Wind Characteristics – a mathematical curiosity. A post investigating the rather curious mathematical behaviour the Cross Wind Characteristics equations ((January 14th 2023)
- Ten of the best – a personal choice of Train Aerodynamics papers from 2021. My annual review of train aerodynamics research is now online – in a slightly different format this year with my top ten papers for the year (January 9th 2022)
- Pollutants, pathogens and public transport – ventilation, dispersion and dose. A post and downloadable technical paper describing a methodology for the systematic modelling of pollutant and pathogen concentrations during complete public transport journeys (16th November 2021)
- The calculation of train overturning risk – what type of wind tunnel tests should be used? (March 18th 2021)
- Thoughts on the leakage characteristics of trains (February 17th 2021)
- Train Aerodynamics Research in 2020. Part 1 collates papers that look at the flow in particular regions around the train the nose region, the boundary layer region, the underbody region and the wake region. Part 2 looks at cross wind issues, tunnel aerodynamics and a range of emerging issues, such as high speed tube transport, air quality and ventilation etc. (January 27th, 2021)
- Reducing train aerodynamic resistance through the use of slab track (October 9th 2020)
- Modelling of extreme wind gusts (September 5th 2020)
- Train crosswind performance – is there best shape? (June 8th 2020)
- The flow around trains – analysis of CFD results (April 18th 2020)
- Pedestrian, cyclist and road and rail vehicle safety in high winds (March 21st 2020)
- Tunnel pressure transients on the West Coast Main Line in the UK (February 24th 2020)
- Train pressure transients on the West Coast Main Line in the UK (February 10th 2020)
- Train Aerodynamics Research in 2018/19 (January 27th 2020)
- Aerodynamic effects on railway infrastructure (January 24th 2020)
- Trains in crosswinds (January 24th 2020)
Train Aerodynamics papers
The links given below are to the publishers’ web sites, where the abstract can be read and the publication downloaded with the necessary permissions. Alternatively the final pre-publication of many (but not all) of these can be found the Birmingham Electronic Paper Repository here.
C J Baker, A Quinn, M Sima, L Hoefener, R Licciardello, 2013, Full-scale measurement and analysis of train slipstreams and wakes: Part 1 Ensemble averages. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 228, 5, 451-467, Part 2 Gust analysis, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 228, 5, 468-480
C J Baker, 2013, A framework for the consideration of the effects of crosswinds on trains, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 123, 130–142
T Gilbert, C J Baker, A D Quinn, 2013, Aerodynamic pressures around high-speed trains: the transition from unconfined to enclosed spaces, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid 227, 6, 608-621
T Gilbert, C J Baker, A D Quinn, 2013, Gusts caused by high speed trains in confined spaces and tunnels, Journal of wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 121, 39–48
C J Baker, S J Jordan, T Gilbert, M Sterling, A Quinn, T Johnson, J Lane, 2014, Transient aerodynamic pressures and forces on trackside and overhead structures due to passing trains. Part 1 Model scale experiments”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid 228 36 – 69, Part 2 Standards applications, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid, 22836 – 69
D Soper, C J Baker, M Sterling, 2014, Experimental investigation of the slipstream development around a container freight train using a moving model facility, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 135, 105–117
F Dorigatti, M Sterling, C J Baker, A D Quinn, 2015, Crosswind effects on the stability of a model passenger train – a comparison of static and moving experiments, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 138, 36-51
D Soper, M Gallagher, C Baker , Quinn A, 2017, A model-scale study to assess the influence of ground geometries on aerodynamic flow development around a train, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 231, 8, 916-933
D Soper, C Baker, A Jackson, D Milne, L Le Pen, G Watson, W Powrie, 2017, Full scale measurements of train underbody flows and track forces, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 169, 251-264
D Soper, D Flynn, D, C Baker, A Jackson, H Hemida, 2017, A comparison of methods to simulate the aerodynamic flow beneath a high speed train, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 44
M Gallagher, J Morden, C Baker, D Soper, A Quinn, H Hemida, M Sterling (2018) Trains in crosswinds – comparison of full-scale on-train measurements, physical model tests and CFD calculations, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 175, 428-444
C Baker, M Sterling (2018) The calculation of train stability in tornado winds, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 176, 158-165
P Iliadis, D Soper, C Baker, H Hemida (2018) Experimental investigation of the aerodynamics of a freight train passing through a tunnel using a moving model, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit
Y Noguchia, M Suzukia, C Baker, K Nakade (2019) Numerical and experimental study on the aerodynamic force coefficients of railway vehicles on an embankment in crosswind, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 184, 90-105
D Soper, C Baker, 2019, A full scale experimental investigation of passenger and freight train aerodynamics, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit
D Soper, S Gillmeier, C Baker, T Morgan, L Vojnovic, (2019) “Aerodynamic forces on railway acoustic barriers”, Journal of Wind Engineering an Industrial Aerodynamics 19, 266-278
Glover A, Sturt R, May R, Baker, C, Hunt M (2021) “An automated digital method for the assessment of crosswind safety for the HS2 route”, Winner of HS2 Learning Legacy Technical Paper Prize, Institution of Civil Engineers, To be published by Institution of Civil Engineers
H Hemida, D Soper, M Entezami, A Bordbar, Z Liu, Z Guo, C Baker (2022) CLEAR: Air Quality on Trains – HVAC and Exhaust Interactions Study T1234, Full report, Railway Safety and Standards Board. Available from RSSB SPARK database
Train Aerodynamics PhD theses
From the University of Birmingham Thesis Repository
N Perez Solero (2012) Measurement and analysis of slipstreams for passenger trains
T Gilbert (2014) Aerodynamic effect of high speed trains in confined spaces
D Soper (2014) The aerodynamics of a container freight train
D. Flynn (2015) A numerical investigation of the effect of crosswinds on the slipstream of a model-scale freight train and associated effects
J. Morden (2017) A numerical investigation of the effects of crosswinds upon the aerodynamic characteristics of a high-speed passenger train and its slipstream
M Gallagher (2017) Experimental investigation of the aerodynamics of a class 43 high speed train
P. Illiadis (2020) Aerodynamics of a freight train passing through a tunnel (not yet in Thesis Repository)
Train Aerodynamics presentations
Pollutants and pathogens – a framework for analysis
A recording of a presentation first made at a CEN meeting in May 2022 that considers pollutants and pathogens on public transport and a framework for the consideration of pollutant levels and pathogen infection probabilities for different types of journey. More detail at the blog post Pollutants, pathogens and public transport – ventilation, dispersion and dose
Train crosswind performance – is there a best shape?
This video investigates if there is a best shape for a train that will minimised he risk of a wind induced overturning accident occurring. More detail is given in the blog post Train crosswind performance – is there best shape?
Current issues in Railway Aerodynamics
A re-recording of a presentation I gave in December 2020 to an IMechE conference that was mainly concerned with the aerodynamics of road vehicles. The RSSB video embedded within it that shows a near accident to a baby in a push chair was said to violate YouTube’s rules. I have thus uploaded it to Vimeo.
Research and other writings 